Hard drives have a few different metrics related to their performance statistics. One of those metrics is the drives revolutions per minute - or RPMs.
Consumer systems, especially portable computers, often have hard drives that spin at 5,400 RPM.*
Server systems often have a few different options, including SATA drives that commonly spin at 7,200 RPM, and SCSI or SAS options that spin at either 10,000 or 15,000 RPM.*
(* The newest type of drive is a solid state drive (SSD), which does not spin at all, so doesn't fit into a discussion about revolutions per minute. These type drives are also still rather expensive and limited in system configuration options - especially at the enterprise/server level. They are insanely fast though and I'm sure will work their way into the mainstream over the next few years.)
What do these numbers mean?
Let's crunch the numbers a little bit to see if we can make them useful.
One way to consider the data is to ponder how many revolutions each drive can make in one second - revolutions per second (RPS). Dividing the total RPM by 60 easily gives this number. Here is that number and also the percentage gain in RPS from one speed to the next faster rotational speed.

Those are pretty large increases in spins per second. And of course jumping more than one rotational speed - for example from 7,200 RPM to 15,000 RPM - gives huge gains - an increase of 108% in the 7,200/15,000 example.
Another way to consider the data is the inverse of this calculation. Rather than revolutions per second, let's look at how long it takes each drive to complete one revolution. We'll calculate this by dividing 60 by the RPM of each drive.That's obviously a very small number so let's take it a step further and multiply by 1,000 to reflect how many milliseconds each revolution takes.

As expected, those are fairly decent variances - a 52% faster revolution spin speed if considering the change from a 7,200 RPM SATA drive and a 15,000 RPM SCSI or SAS drive.
Is RPM all that matters?: Let's get one clarification out of the way because I suspect this article will generate a criticism otherwise - the spin speed of a drive is only one of several factors determining individual drive performance. Two other factors are the data transfer rates and how fast the read/write head of the drive can move from one part of the disk to another. This post is specifically about RPM though, so perhaps I'll touch on those other two points another time.
What do these numbers mean to me?
It seems obvious that the RPM speed of drives has some impact on performance of the drives, but let's discuss it a bit further and consider the implications.
To understand the impact of RPM speed specifically, let's assume other factors of the drive are the same.
If the system - whether notebook, desktop, or server - requests data that is just behind the read/write head so that the drive needs to spin one complete revolution for the data to be accessed, this would be a maximum rotational delay. The numbers above reflect those potential rotational delays varying from 4 ms to 11 ms.
Even 11 ms is very fast, so should you care? If your system has light usage or your primary disk operations are big sequential files then you might not care. If you run database services, a wiki, or other type of disk-intensive applications, those speed differences might add up to a substantial performance impact. The more random disk access your server performs, the bigger difference you'd notice.
Consider the difference between SAS/SCSI and SATA in those rotational delay times - a SATA drive can potentially take twice as long to find a specific location (file) on disk. That adds up to substantial performance differences under anything but very light user load.
With the cost differences between SATA and SAS/SCSI diminishing in recent years, I strongly believe it is worth considering a SAS/SCSI disk configuration for your server - for immediate benefit and to handle future growth smoothly.
At ORCSWeb our managed dedicated hosting servers are all deployed with SAS or SCSI disk configurations (and RAID) for the best performance and growth options for our clients.